Gorn Chapter free essay sample

What forces granted to congress in the Constitution of 1787 would an Anti-Federalist be well on the way to contradict? Hostile to Federalist were against the Constitution all together yet the majority of all, I think the Anti-Federalist were against the way that the state government’s would no longer have as much force as it did with the Articles of Confederation. The constitution bolstered the possibility of an amazing and solid focal government. The congress had the ability to burden individuals, and make rules and guidelines as it says in record two. With freedom being the Anti-Federalist’s greatest contention, the federalist got the possibility that with all the force congress had, their opportunity and rights would be compromised or even removed and that’s what they dreaded most. 2. As indicated by the Constitution of 1787, what are the qualification requirements and determination forms for an) individuals from the House of Representatives Members of the House of Representatives are picked at regular intervals by the individuals and the quantity of delegates each state gets is corresponding to the populace. The individuals must be a quarter century old enough or more established, has been a resident of the United States for in any event seven years and will not be, when chosen, an Inhabitant of the State wherein he is speaking to. b) individuals from the Senate, and Each state has two representatives serving a multi year term. In the Constitution of 1787, the senate was selected by the Legislature and must have in any event one vote. Individuals from the Senate must be 30 years old, been a resident of the U. S. for a long time, and ought not be an Inhabitant of that State. ) the president and VP? Both the President and Vice president serve in a similar term of four years. The individual running for president and VP must be a resident of the United States for a long time and normally conceived in the U. S. furthermore, they must be at any rate 35 years old. The president needed to have a lion's share vote in favor of an assurance to be president if not the House of Representatives picked in different circumstances. 3. Scrutinize the arrangements contained in the Constitution of 1787 from the perspective of every one of the accompanying gatherings: I think all together the main individuals who felt they would profit by the Constitution was the littler populated states and the African Americans. The littler States would acquire a state at that point being neglected by the bigger States, in spite of the fact that in the Constitution they would just have a couple of delegates for their state, it despite everything was a decent result since they would in any event have a type of state and sentiment in what laws were passed because of the intensity of their representative’s votes. The Constitution’s primary objective was to ensure all states were equivalent and all things considered, it hinted at the African American’s being free and gave a feeling of something they had never felt, which was fairness. The Anglos and Native American’s needed to have a feeling of outrage on the grounds that in addition to the fact that they felt like their domain was being removed, they likewise now needed to have bargains with America on the off chance that they were past the limits of the States, so as to exchange or do any business with the U. S. The bigger states were most likely not as supporting of the Constitution in light of the fact that with the more noteworthy measure of populace in their states’, their legislatures got the chance to do whatever and all the individuals needed to adhere to their guidelines they set for themselves. In the Constitution, Congress is given the control over the entire Country, if a state needed to make something a law or duty individuals, they needed to get the endorsement of congress. 4. In which of the six destinations assigned in the prelude has the Constitution of 1787 satisfied its guarantees? In what regions has it not completely accomplished its objectives? The Constitution was really intended to be viewed as something to be thankful for, it was not assume to create any damage or disquiet in the States. I thoroughly consider of the preface, the Constitution did in the end make progress in every one of the six destinations however the greatest issure that most Anti-Federalist had was the constitution not building up equity or secure the endowments of freedom. On the off chance that you truly consider how the Constitution was made, it was unlawful. The essayists were just permitted to fix the Articles of Confederation, not make an entirely different Government. I think that’s why Anti-Federalist were not persuaded about the Constitution since it was done out of mystery and the authors didn't take into consideration the Anti-Federalist to make a shared opinion and make the Constitution common on the two sides, that by itself caused it to appear as though the scholars were simply attempting to assume control over America and make decides that appeared to remove the rights that were essential to them. In the Constitution there were explicit laws for people’s wellbeing, various powers were to be framed in the event of any assault or just to advance general government assistance. Despite the fact that, the military had not been made sense of yet on how each state’s armed force would frame together, the possibility of the powers meeting up for security was in politeness. 5. On the off chance that you were a representative to a state endorsing show, okay have decided in favor of or against the Constitution of 1787? Clarify the purposes behind your vote. In the event that I was an agent to a state confirming show, I would have decided in favor of the constitution of 1787. The United States were at the purpose of time were reorganization was required. Albeit numerous individuals at the time were against the Constitution, I think by and large it put the United States in a progressively fruitful way contrasted with the issues they were at that point looking as a country. At the time before the Constitution, State’s had set there own laws that should have been complied with which made the point of view toward the nation in general, disorderly. The United State’s required an increasingly steady government, with the Articles of Confederation, it was fundamentally similar to there was no administration or any formally dressed armed force set up in the event of any assaults from different nations. The Constitution made the United States meet up over the long haul and a decent authority with a considerable lot of intensity was required so as to get America fixed. 6. Did the journalists of the Constitution of 1787 want to make a majority rule government or gentry? As per what I read, I think the Constriction of 1787 was wanted to be a privileged government. It was not until the Bill of Rights came into Constitution that made the United States a vote based system. The tightening was first made without any checks and parity framework which caused the solid focal government, to have more force than it has today. The administration in the Constitution had the ability to do numerous things that the Anti-Federalist felt shouldn’t reserve the option to have. A large number of the individuals living in the state’s felt their unalienable rights were being removed gradually such a significant number of Anti-Federalist chose to push and keep on getting the Bill of Rights passed so the legislature wouldn’t gain a lot of intensity, that everybody felt they needed.

Different characteristics of a good business Free Essays

Draw out the distinction between close to home letters and business letters. Talk about the various qualities of a decent business letter. Significance of business letter Differences Characteristics 3 Writing viably is an expertise, which can be learnt and culminated. We will compose a custom paper test on Various attributes of a decent business or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Clarify the general standards of Effective composition. What are the different methods to improve your composing abilities? General standards of Effective composing Techniques to improve composing abilities 4 What foundation does one have to do to make a viable introduction? How do verbal, vocal and visual parts of correspondence sway an introduction? Preparation expected to make a powerful introduction Verbal, vocal and visual parts sway on introduction Explain the substance of a decent resume. Recognize the various kinds of resumes. Substance of good resume Types of Resumes 6 With developing rivalry and unstable economic situations, Jobs are not made sure about as they should be already. What are the components investigated by the planned businesses? Recognize the procedures, which ought to be utilized by an interviewee to find a decent Line of work. Components Job talk with strategies Define the term ‘Organizational Behavior†. Clarify the significance of Organizational Behavior. Meaning of Organizational Behavior Importance of Organizational Behavior 2 Explain the accompanying: a) Span of Control b) Centralization and Decentralization 3 Describe the character qualities impacting Organizational conduct. Character attributes impacting Organizational Behavior 4 Define the term inspiration. Clarify Mascots need Hierarchy hypothesis. Meaning of inspiration Mascots chain of importance hypothesis 5 Explain the elements of correspondence. Notice a portion of the tips or procedures for successful correspondence. Elements of correspondence Tips or strategies for compelling correspondence 6 Write short notes on the accompanying: an) Organization Culture ) Conflict the executives an) Organizational Culture Monetary strategy manages the cash gracefully in an economy. Step by step instructions to refer to Different attributes of a decent business, Papers

Stranger Things What did Life Cost in Hawkins, Indiana in 1983 vs Today

Stranger Things What did Life Cost in Hawkins, Indiana in 1983 vs Today What did Life Cost in Hawkins, Indiana in 1983 vs Today? What did Life Cost in Hawkins, Indiana in 1983 vs Today?Time to tune up that Huffy bike, tie on your Rambo-bandana, and charge up your walkie-talkies. It’s almost time for the next round of monster hunting, eighties nostalgia and exploring the Upside Down. Netflixs (@Netflix) Stranger Things season 2 is just around the bend… and, come on, the kid in you couldn’t be more excited.But that kid lives inside a grown up now. And while you’re obviously always going to have a special place in your heart for scary movies, Star Wars action figures, and those sweet, sweet frozen breakfast foodsâ€"you also have adult concerns now, like what that magical childhood  costs.So we asked… How much did life cost in 1983 Hawkins, Indiana of Stranger Things (@Stranger_Things) versus now? Well, point your childlike sense of wonder to what we’ve uncovered!(By the way, Hawkins, Indiana doesn’t actually exist. So we used Fort Wayne, Indiana as a stand in. We’re sure they’re cool too. Go Mas todons!)As you can see, prices have, um, risen. The total rate of inflation between 1983 and 2017 is 149%. That means that one hard-earned dollar in 1983 had the same buying power as $2.44 today.[1]So let’s look at some “stranger things” to see how costs compare:Item1983 price2017 priceMillennium Falcon toy$18$150Christmas Lights$10.51$25.651,500 lbs of Salt$349.89$862.50Blonde Wig$6.39$15.76Walkie Talkie Set$32.77$79.99Comic Book$0.60$2.99Dungeons and Dragons Set$11$26.84Camera$132.75$324Fast Food Meal$2.74$6.75Star Wars Action Figures$2.99$7.99Atari System$28.47$69.49And let’s also look at some broader items:Item1983 price2017 priceTypical Home Price$68,700$201,155Average Household Income$25,862$63,121Basic Monthly Utilities$73.03$180.02Average Monthly Salary$1,132.33$2,791.25Cant get enough Stranger Things? Neither can we! Check out our other favorite artifacts from the Upside Down!Check out the  Stranger Things Wiki for character guides, videos, and a tight-knit fan comm unity.Vulture (@Vulture) put together this  frighteningly  comprehensive A to Z breakdown of every film reference from season 1 of the show.You love Stranger Things, but if you want to live Stranger Things, Food Wine Magazine  (@foodandwine) offers you this show-inspired guide to guide to decorating your home!And, you knew this was coming, BuzzFeed writer Samantha Wieder (@SamanthaAWieder) curated this AMAZING collection of Stranger Things Halloween costumes perfect for trick or treating or just wearing around the house alone (no judgment).Want more financial breakdowns of your favorite pop culture shows, movies and music?  Let us know, well deliver!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.References:[1]  Inflation Calculator   Calculator.net. Accessed Oct, 18, 2017 from  http://www.calculator.net/inflation-calculator.html.

The Horror Of The Ripper - 2084 Words

During the 1880s Jack the Ripper took over the streets on London and created a fear that seemed unimaginable for that time. The Ripper took five victims and brutally tortured each of them. Since then society has encountered killers such as Ted Bundy, The Zodiac Killer, The Craigslist Killer, and most recently Steven Massof. The work of Steven Massof still goes more unnoticed than the notorious Jack the Ripper. Massof killed over one hundred babies after claiming they still had shown signs of life after being aborted and we still have shown nowhere near the amount of terror that citizens in London had encountered. Society has become less empathetic and has almost grown accustomed to seeing these headlines in the news. Crimes have become†¦show more content†¦He brutally slaughtered and raped these women during 1888. People were terrified to leave their houses in fear that the Ripper would come. A witness stated in a newspaper article that, â€Å"There is another women cut int o pieces,† and, â€Å"where there had been another terrible murder.† The witness clearly feared for his own life even though it was evident that Jack had a thing for murdering women. Citizens were terrified of this inhumane being and to the point that some would fear leaving their house no matter what gender they were. The environment in the streets were changing and it was becoming a place of fear and brutality. As humans, they acted appropriately and took life with caution. There was a terror that stalked the streets of England and during this time people had never seen such brutality. During the early 20th century people in America were experiencing the same kind of terrors. Slavery was a common practice during this time and often slaves tried to escape the cruelty they faced from their masters. Often times, they did not succeed in leaving and were caught only to be returned to their owners. According to witnesses slaves were beaten, â€Å"In order to frighten the rest, for it was clearly proven that if they had succeeded, a gang of a hundred more were in readiness to follow.† Slaves were beaten to the point to near death when caught and then returned to their owners for more beatings soon to come. When this

Malebranches Occasionalism The Philosophy in the Garden...

Malebranches Occasionalism: The Philosophy in the Garden of Eden ABSTRACT: According to Malebranche, Adam should be considered as an occasionalist philosopher. Not only did philosophy originate in paradise, but it in fact originated as Malebranchian occasionalism. It was in order to be able to persist in his occasionalist belief that Adam was given exceptional power over his body, that is, the power to detach the principal part of his brain (i.e., the seat of the soul) from the rest of the body. It was only in continually detaching the principal part of his brain from the rest of the body that Adam was able to persist in his occasionalist belief despite the unmistakable testimony of his sense to the contrary. Having once sinned, he†¦show more content†¦Although, upon tasting a fruit with pleasure, Adam, as an occasionalist, knew that it was the invisible God who was causing this pleasure in him, his senses were persuading him to the contrary, namely that it was the fruit that he saw, held, and ate, that was causing this pleasure in him. T hus, the first and most firmly convinced occasionalist philosopher was without sensible knowledge of Gods continual acting upon him, and his own philosophy must have already been, in his eyes, directly contrary to the testimony of his senses. Since, as an occasionalist philosopher, Adam undoubtedly knew that he could know nothing unless God enlightened him, and sense nothing unless God modified his mind, the fact that what he knew was never what he sensed, and vice versa, must have, in his eyes, reflected a certain contradiction in Gods conduct: First, since what Adam knew was that God was acting upon him, and since what he sensed was that bodies were acting upon him, it must have been God Himself who wanted Adams sensible experience to be contrary to his knowledge of Gods causal efficacy, that is, to that which God Himself was making Adam

Carrie Chapter Eleven Free Essays

string(43) " to drink a little too much or take drugs\." Billy offered her a ride home from school one afternoon a week later and she accepted. He was what the other kids called a white-soxer or a machine-shop Chuck. Yet something about him excited her and now, lying drowsily in this illicit bed (but with an awakening sense of excitement and pleasurable fear), she thought it might have been his car – at least at the start. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a million miles from the machine-stamped, anonymous vehicles of her fraternity dates with their ventless windows, fold-up steering wheels, and vaguely unpleasant smell of plastic scat covers and windshield solvent. Billy’s car was old, dark, somehow sinister, the windshield was milky around the edges, as if a cataract was beginning to form. The seats were loose and unanchored. Beer bottles clicked and rolled in the back (her fraternity dates drank Budweiser; Billy and his friends drank Rheingold), and she had to place her feet around a huge, grease-clotted Craftsman toolkit without a lid. The tools inside were of many different makes, and she suspected that many of them were stolen. The car smelled of oil and gas. The sound of straight pipes came loudly and exhilaratingly through the thin floorboards. A row of dials slung under the dash registered amps, oil pressure, and tach (whatever that was). The back wheels were jacked and the hood seemed to point at the road. And of course he drove fast. On the third ride home one of the bald front tyres blew at sixty miles an hour, the car went into a screaming slide and she shrieked aloud, suddenly positive of her own death. An image of her broken, bloody corpse, thrown against the base of a telephone pole like a pile of rags, flashed through her mind like a tabloid photograph. Billy cursed and whipped the fuzz-covered steering wheel from side to side. They came to a stop on the left-hand shoulder, and when she got out of the car on knees that threatened to buckle at every step, she saw that they had left a looping trail of scorched rubber for seventy feet Billy was already opening the trunk, pulling out a jack and muttering to himself. Not a hair was out of place. He passed her, a cigarette already dangling from the corner of his mouth. ‘Bring that toolkit, babe.’ She was flabbergasted. Her mouth opened and closed twice, like a beached fish, before she could get the words out. ‘I-I will not! You almost k-you-almost-you crazy bastard! Besides, it’s dirty!’ He turned around and looked at her, his eyes flat. ‘You bring it or I ain’t taking you to the fuckin fights tomorrow night.’ ‘I hate the fights!’ She had never been, but her anger and outrage required absolutes. Her fraternity dates took her to rock concerts, which she hated. They always ended up next to someone who hadn’t bathed in weeks. He shrugged, went back to the front end, and began jacking. She brought the toolkit, getting grease all over a brandnew sweater. He grunted without turning around. His teeshirt had pulled out of his jeans, and the flesh of his back was smooth, tanned, alive with muscles. It fascinated her, and she felt her tongue creep into the corner of her mouth. She helped him pull the tyre of the wheel, getting her hands black. The car rocked alarmingly on the jack, and the spare was down to the canvas in two places. When the job was finished and she got back in, there were heavy smears of grease across both the sweater and the expensive red skirt she was wearing. ‘If you think-‘ she began as he got behind the wheel. He slid across the seat and kissed her, his hands moving heavily on her, from waist to breasts. His breath was redolent of tobacco; there was the smell of Brylcreem and sweat. She broke it at last and stared down at herself, gasping for breath. The sweater was blotted with road grease and dirt now. Twenty-seven-fifty in Jordan Marsh and it was beyond anything but the garbage can. She was intensely, almost painfully excited. ‘How are you going to explain that?’ he asked, and kissed her again. His mouth felt as if he might be grinning.’ ‘Feel me,’ she said in his car. ‘Feel me all over. Get me dirty.’ He did. One nylon split like a gaping mouth. Her skirt, short to begin with, was pushed rudely up to her waist. He groped greedily, with no finesse at all. And something – perhaps that, perhaps the sudden brush with death – brought her to a sudden, jolting orgasm. She had gone to the fights with him. ‘Quarter to eight,’ he said, and sat up in bed. He put on the lamp and began to dress, His body still fascinated her. She thought of last Monday night, and how it had been. He had (no) Tune enough to think of that later, maybe, when it would do something for her besides cause useless arousal. She swung her own legs over the edge of the bed and slid into gossamer panties. ‘Maybe it’s a bad idea,’ she said, not sure if she was testing him or herself. ‘Maybe we ought to just get back into bed and-‘ ‘It’s a good idea,’ he said, and a shadow of humour crossed his face. ‘Pig blood for a pig.’ ‘What?’ ‘Nothing. Come on. Get dressed.’ She did, and when they left by the back stairs she could feel a large excitement blooming, like a rapacious and night-flowering vine, in her belly. From My Name Is Susan Snell (p. 45): You know, I’m not as sorry about all of it as people seem to think I should be. Not that they say it right out; they’re the ones who always say how dreadfully sorry they are. That’s usually just before they ask for my autograph. But they expect you to be sorry. They expect you to get weepy, to wear a lot of black, to drink a little too much or take drugs. You read "Carrie Chapter Eleven" in category "Essay examples" They say things like: ‘Oh, it’s such a shame. But you know what happened to her-‘ and blah, blah, blah. But sorry is the Kool-Aid of human emotions. It’s what you say when you spill a cup of coffee or throw a gutterball when you’re bowling with the girls in the league. True sorrow is as rare as true love. I’m not sorry that Tommy is dead any more. He seems too much like a daydream I once had. You probably think that’s cruel, but there’s been a lot of water under the bridge since Prom Night. And I’m not sorry for my appearance before The White Commission. I told the truth – as much of it as I knew. But I am sorry for Carrie. They’ve forgotten her, you know. They’ve made her into some kind of a symbol and forgotten that she was a human being, as real as you reading this, with hopes and dreams and blah, blah, blah. Useless to tell you that, I suppose. Nothing can change her back now from something made out of newsprint into a person. But she was, and she hurt. More than any of us probably know, she hurt. And so I’m sorry and I hope it was good for her, that prom. Until the terror began, I hope it was good and fine and wonderful and magic †¦ Tommy pulled into the parking lot beside the high school’s new wing, let the motor idle for just a second, and then switched it of. Carrie sat on her side of the seat, holding her wrap around her bare shoulders. It suddenly seemed to her that she was living in a dream of hidden intentions and had just become aware of the fact. What could she be doing? She had left Momma alone. ‘Nervous?’ He asked, and she jumped. ‘Yes.’ He laughed and got out. She was about to open the door when he opened it for her. ‘Don’t be nervous,’ he mid. ‘You’re like Galatea.’ ‘Who?’ ‘Galatea. We read about her in Mr Evers’ class. She turned from a drudge into a beautiful woman and nobody even knew her.’ She considered it. ‘I want them to know me,’ she said finally. ‘I don’t blame you. Come on.’ George Dawson and Frieda Jason were standing by the Coke machine. Frieda was in an orange tulle concoction, and looked a little like a tuba. Donna Thibodeau was taking tickets at the door along with David Bracken. They were both National Honour Society members, part of Miss personal Gestapo, and they wore white slacks and red blazers – the school colours. Tina Blake and Norma Watson were handing out programmes and seating people inside according to their chart Both of them were dressed in black, and Carrie supposed they thought they were very chic, but to her they looked like cigarette girls in an old gangster movie. All of them turned to look at Tommy and Carrie when they came in, and for a moment there was a stiff, awkward silence. Carrie felt a strong urge to wet her lips and controlled it. Then George Dawson said: ‘Gawd, you look queer, Ross.’ Tommy smiled. ‘When did you come out of the treetops, Bomba?’ Dawson lurched forward with his fists up, and for a moment Carrie felt stark terror. In her keyed-up state, she came within an ace of picking George up and throwing him across the lobby. Then she realized it was an old game, often played, well-loved. The two of them sparred in a growing circle. Then George, who had been tagged twice in the ribs, began to gobble and yell:- ‘Kill them Congs! Get them Gooks! Pongee sticks! Tiger cages!’ and Tommy collapsed his guard, laughing. ‘Don’t let it bother you,’ Frieda said, tilting her letteropener nose and strolling over. ‘If they kill each other, I’ll dance with you.’ ‘They look too stupid to kill,’ Carrie ventured. ‘Like dinosaurs.’ And when Frieda grinned, she felt something very old and rusty loosen inside her. A warmth came with At. Relief. Ease. ‘Where’d you buy your dress?’ Frieda asked. ‘I love it.’ ‘I made it.’ ‘Made it?’ Frieda’s eyes opened in unaffected surprise. ‘No shit!’ Carrie felt herself blushing furiously. ‘Yes I did. I †¦ I like to sew. I got the material at John’s in Andover. The pattern is really quite easy.’ ‘Come on,’ George said to all of them in general. ‘Band’s gonna start.’ He rolled his eyes and went through a limber, satiric buck-and-wing. ‘Vibes, vibes, vibes. Us Gooks love them big Fender viyyybrations.’ When they went in, George was doing impressions of Flash Bobby Pickett and mugging. Carrie was telling Freida about her dress, and Tommy was grinning, hands stuffed in his pockets. Spoiled the lines of his dinner jacket Sue would be telling him, but fuck it, it seems to be working. So far it was working fine. He and George and Frieda had less than two hours to live. From The Shadow Exploded (p. 132): The White Commission’s stand on the trigger of the whole affair – two buckets of pig blood on a beam over the stage – seems to be overly weak and vacillating, even in light of the scant concrete proof. If one chooses to believe the hearsay evidence of Nolan’s immediate circle of friends (and to be brutally frank, they do not seem intelligent enough to lie convincingly), then Nolan took this part of the conspiracy entirely out of Christine Hargensen’s hands and acted on his own initiative †¦ He didn’t talk when he drove; he liked to drive. The operation gave him a feeling of power that nothing could rival, not even fucking. The road unrolled before them in photographic blacks and whites, and the speedometer trembled just past seventy. He came from what the social workers called a broken home; his father had taken off after the failure of a badly managed gas-station venture when Billy was twelve, and his mother had four boyfriends at last count. Brucie was in greatest favour right now. He was a Seagram’s 7 man. She was turning into one ugly bag, too. But the car: the car fed him power and glory from its own mystic lines of force. It made him someone to be reckoned with, someone with mana. It was not by accident that he had done most of his balling in the back seat. The car was his slave and his god. It gave, and it could take away. Billy had used it to take away many times. On long, sleepless nights when his mother and Brucie were fighting, Billy made popcorn and went out cruising for stray dogs. Some mornings he let the car roll, engine dead, into the garage he had constructed behind the house with its front bumper dripping. She knew his habits well enough by now and did not bother making conversation that would simply be ignored anyway. She sat beside him with one leg curled under her, gnawing a knuckle. The fights of the cars streaking past them on 302 gleamed softly in her hair, streaking it silver. He wondered how long she would last. Maybe not long after tonight. Somehow it had all led to this, even the early part, and when it was done the glue that had held them together would be thin and might dissolve, leaving them to wonder how it could have been in the first place. He thought she would start to look less like a goddess and more like the typical society bitch again, and that would make him want to belt her around a little. Or maybe a lot. Rub her nose in it. They breasted the Brickyard Hill and there was the high school below them, the parking lot filled with plump, glistening daddies’ cars. He felt the familiar gorge of disgust and hate rise in his throat. We’ll give them something (a night to remember) all right. We can do that. The classroom wings were dark and silent and deserted; the lobby was lit with a standard yellow glow, and the bank of glass that was the gymnasium’s east side glowed with a soft, orangey light that was ethereal, almost ghostly. Again the bitter taste, and the urge to throw rocks. ‘I see the lights, I see the party fights,’ he murmured. ‘Huh?’ She turned to him, startled out of her own thoughts. ‘Nothing.’ He touched the nape of her neck. ‘I think I’m gonna let you pull the string.’ Billy did it by himself, because he knew perfectly well that he could trust nobody else. That had been a hard lesson, much harder than the ones they taught you in school, but he had learned it well. The boys who had gone with him to Henty’s place the night before had not even known what he wanted the blood for. They probably suspected Chris was involved, but they could not even be sure of that. He drove to the school minutes after Thursday night had become Friday morning and cruised by twice to make sure it was deserted and neither of Chamberlain’s two police cars was in the area. He drove into the parking lot with his lights off and swung around in back of the building. Further back, the football field glimmered beneath a thin membrane of ground fog. He opened the trunk and unlocked the ice chest. The blood had frozen solid, but that was all right. It would have the next twenty-four hours to thaw. He put the buckets on the ground, then got a number of tools from his kit. He stuck them in his back pocket and grabbed a brown bag from the seat. Screws clinked inside. He worked without hurry, with the easeful concentration of one who is unable to conceive of interruption. The gym where the dance was to be held was also the school auditorium, and the small row of windows looking toward where he had parked opened on the backstage storage area. He selected a flat tool with a spatulate end and slid it through the small jointure between the upper and lower panes of one window. It was a good tool. He had made it himself in the Chamberlain metal shop. He wriggled it until the window’s slip lock came free. He pushed the window up and slid in. It was very dark. The predominant odour was of old paint from the Dramatic Club canvas flats. The gaunt shadows of Band Society music stands and instrument cases stood around like sentinels. Mr Downer’s piano stood in one corner. Billy took a small flashlight out of the bag and made his way to the stage and stepped through the red velvet curtains. The gym floor, with its painted basketball lines and highly varnished surface, glimmered at him like an amber lagoon. He shone his light on the apron in front of the curtain. There, in ghostly chalk fines, someone had drawn the floor silhouette of the King and Queen thrones which would be placed the following day. Then the entire apron would be strewn with paper flowers †¦ why, Christ only knew. He craned his neck and shone the beam of his light up into the shadows. Overhead, girders crisscrossed in shadowy lines. The girders over the dance floor had been sheathed in crepe paper, but the arm directly over the apron hadn’t been decorated. A short draw curtain obscured the girders up there, and they were invisible from the gym Floor. The draw curtain also hid a bank of lights that would highlight the gondola mural. Billy turned off the flashlight, walked to the left-hand edge of the apron, and mounted a steel-runged ladder bolted to the wall. The contents of his brown bag, which he had tucked into his shirt for safety, jingled with a strange, hollow jolliness in the deserted gymnasium. At the top of the ladder was a small platform. Now, as he faced outward toward the apron, the stage flies were to his right, the gym itself on his left. In the flies the Dramatic Club props were stored, some of them dating back to the 1920s. A bust of Pallas, used in some ancient dramatic version of Poe’s ‘Me Raven,’ stared at Billy with blind, floating eyes from atop a rusting bedspring Straight ahead, a steel girder ran out over the apron. Lights to be used against the mural were bolted to the bottom of it. He stepped out on to it and walked effortlessly, without fear, over the drop. He was humming a popular tune under his breath. The beam was inch-thick with dust, and he left long shuffling tracks. Halfway he stopped, dropped to his knees, and peered down. Yea. With the help of his light he could make out the chalk lines of the apron directly below. He made a soundless whistling. (bombs away) He X’d the precise spot in the dust, then beam-walked back to the platform. No one would be up here between now and the Ball; the lights that shone on, the mural and on the apron where the King and Queen would be crowned (they’ll get crowned an right) were controlled from a box backstage. Anyone looking up from directly below would be blinded by those same lights. His arrangements would be noticed only if someone went up into the flies for something. He didn’t believe anyone would. It was an acceptable risk. He opened the brown bag and took out a pair of Playtex rubber gloves, put them on, and then took out one of two small pulleys he had purchased yesterday. He had gotten them at a hardware store in Boxford, just to be safe. He popped a number of nails into his mouth like cigarettes and got the hammer. Still humming around his mouthful of nails, he fixed the pulley neatly in the corner above the platform. Beside it he fixed a small eyehole screw. He went back down the ladder, crossed backstage, and climbed another ladder not far from where he had come in. He was in the loft – sort of a catchall school attic. Here there were stacks of old yearbooks, moth-eaten athletic uniforms, and ancient textbooks that had been nibbled by mice. Looking left, he could shine his light over the stage flies and spotlight the pulley he had just put up. Turning right, cool night air played on his face, from a vent in the wall. Still humming, he took out the second pulley and nailed it up. He went back down, crawled out the window he had forced, and got the two buckets of pig blood. He had been about his business for a half hour, but it showed no signs of thawing. He picked the buckets up and walked back to the window, silhouetted in the darkness like a farmer coming back from the first milking. He lifted them inside and went in after. Beam-walking was easier with a bucket in each hand for balance. When he reached his dust-marked X, he put the buckets down, peered at the chalk marks on the apron once more, nodded, and walked back to the platform. He thought about wiping the buckets on his last trip out to them – Kenny’s prints would be on them, Don’s and Steve’s as well – but it was better not to. Maybe they would have a little surprise on Saturday morning. The thought made his lips quirk. The last item in the bag was a coil of jute twine. He walked back out to the buckets and tied the handles of both with running slipknots. He threaded the screw, then the pulley. He threw the uncoiling twine across to the left, and then threaded that one. He probably would not have been amused to know that, in the gloom of the auditorium, covered and streaked with decades-old dust, grey kitties flying dreamily about his crow’s nest hair, he looked like a hunched, half-mad Rube Goldberg intent upon creating the better mousetrap. He piled the slack twine on top of a stack of crates within reach of the vent. He climbed down for the last time and dusted off his hands. The thing was done. He looked out the window, then wriggled through and thumped to the ground. He closed the window, reinserted his jimmy, and closed the lock as far as he could. Then he went back to his car. Chris said chances were good that Tommy Ross and the White bitch would be the ones under the buckets; she had been doing a little quiet promoting among her friends That would be good, if it happened. But, for Billy, any of the others would be all right too. He was beginning to think that it would be all right if it was Chris herself. He drove away. From My Name Is Susan Snell (p. 48): Carrie went to see Tommy the day before the prom. She was waiting outside one of his classes and he said she looked really wretched, as if she thought he’d yell at her to stop hanging around and stop bugging him. She said she had to be in by eleven-thirty at the latest, or her momma would be worried. She said she wasn’t going to spoil his time or anything, but it wouldn’t be fair to worry her momma. How to cite Carrie Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

Literary History and the Concept of Literature free essay sample

Literary history and the concept of literature I From the 1970s onwards, much has been said about the writing of history and literary history that has cast doubt on its intellectual credibility. For example, Hayden White’s Metahistory (1973) included an influential analysis of the metaphorical foundations of 19th century history writing. In 1979, Jean-Francois Lyotard criticized grand narratives in La Condition postmoderne (The Postmodern Condition), and in 1992 David Perkins presented a whole array of sceptical epistemological and methodological arguments directed against literary history in Is Literary History Possible?. The questioning of literary history has not however resulted in the abandonment of large-scale literary-historical projects, rather it has inspired attempts to base such ventures on better designs and better foundations. Not least, many new ideas about the field have been put forward in connection with the preparation of two major works of literary history sponsored by the ICLA. It is also natural to point to two theoretical publications from 2002: the collection of essays, Rethinking Literary History, edited by Linda Hutcheon and Mario J. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary History and the Concept of Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Valdes, and Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer’s brief presentation of the ideas behind a history of literary cultures in East-Central Europe. [ii] The Swedish project â€Å"Literature and Literary History in Global Contexts†, which was started in 1998 and will terminate in 2004, focuses specifically on some theoretical problems associated with the writing of literary history. We who participate come, mostly, from various fields within oriental studies or from comparative literature. Since the project is sponsored by the Swedish Research Council we all work, or once worked, at various Swedish universities. One of the special features of the project is the interest devoted to world histories of literature, a genre where the general problems of literary history become especially visible and acute. (I shall return to this perhaps unfamiliar genre in a moment. ) Three important cruces in connection with world histories of literature have been singled out for special discussion within the project: (i) the understanding of the notion of literature, (ii) the understanding of genres, and (iii) the understanding of interactions between literary cultures. These three sets of issues will be made the subject of four volumes of literary-historical studies and theoretical reflections, and these volumes will represent the main concrete outcome of the project. In this paper, I shall concentrate on the first of the questions, about the notion of literature. I shall say a few words about the concept of literature itself, point out some of the difficulties that it occasions in a world history of literature, and conclude with a brief discussion of how such problems may be approached and dealt with. II In a sense, of course, there are very many concepts of literature: if every nuance is taken into account, it may well be the case that each person has their own. Yet if, conversely, one looks at the situation very broadly, one can say that there is an everyday concept of literature in Western culture which is widely shared. That concept came into being in the course of the 18th century. Before that, no exact counterpart to our present concept of literature existed either in Western culture or elsewhere, and the distinction between imaginative literature and non-fiction was not of primary importance in the classification of texts. Wilt Idema and Lloyd Haft have given a concise and clarifying account of how earlier cultures thought about texts and their basic divisions. As long as no more than a few written works are in circulation in a given society, all texts are more or less equally important and valuable. If there is a dramatic increase in the number of writings, with a corresponding differentiation in their content and character, the texts are likely to be subdivided into the categories of â€Å"high† literature, professional literature, and popular literature. â€Å"Literature† (or high literature) is then the term for texts which are felt to be of general educational value and which are, accordingly, regarded as part of the necessary intellectual baggage of every cultured person†¦. Works which contain useful knowledge but remain limited to one specific area, such as medicine or military science, are classified as professional literature. Works intended only to amuse, and which have (or are considered to have) no educational value, fall outside the scope of â€Å"literature†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We may call these more or less despised writings â€Å"trivial literature†. In the kind of intellectual culture described in this quotation, the fundamental distinction among texts is the one between culturally important texts and culturally less significant ones. In most such cultures – classical antiquity, classical Chinese culture, classical Sanskrit culture, and so forth – the class of culturally important texts would comprise most of what we call poetry, history writing, and philosophy, and normally also other kinds of texts – some administrative texts, some texts concerning magic, some letters, et cetera. Oral vernacular texts, or relatively unadorned fictional narratives, what we call fictional prose, would normally form part of popular or trivial literature. For complex social, economic, and cultural reasons, this way of classifying texts came to undergo great though gradual transformations in Western Europe from the late 17th to the early 19th centuries. One of the very many crucial factors behind the process must have been the growing importance of a new, more rigorous conception of empirical truth, associated with the natural sciences. High literature, in the special sense described by Idema and Haft, had always aspired to truth in the sense of great human significance. As the distinction between empirical truth and empirical non-truth became more rigid and more significant – and as many other, more or less related developments were taking place – new groupings began to emerge in the textual universe. Poetry became dissociated from scientific writings, and successively also from history, philosophy, oratory, and letters. On the other hand, fictional prose, especially in the guise of the increasingly appreciated novel, came to be regarded as one of the genres of poetry. With this, our modern notion of literature had effectively taken shape, and the term â€Å"literature† (whose main meaning in the 17th and 18th centuries had been something like â€Å"education† or â€Å"culture†) successively developed into today’s normal designation of the concept. [v] III The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the beginning of the writing of literary history – of the history of national European literatures, of the history of European literature as a whole and, at least from the 1830s onwards, of the world history of literature. World histories of literature thus comprise a genre which has existed for around 170 years. Among its modern instances are such impressive works as the German twenty-five volume Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft (New Handbook of Literary Studies), published between 1972 and 2002, and the Russian Istorija vsemirnoj literatury v devjati tomach (History of World Literature in Nine Volumes) from 1983-94. [vii] However in the English-speaking world the genre is more or less extinct, and its very existence appears to be overlooked in the contemporary international discussion about the globalization of literary studies. These debates are primarily inspired by the widespread interest in colonial and postcolonial studies and place the last few centuries at the centre of attention, while the traditional world histories of literature are, in principle, universal in scope, and are meant to cover all times and cultures. In many respects, it seems a good idea to have a world history of literature to fall back on. Such works can relate the various literary cultures of the world to one another and put them into perspective. Thus they may create a much needed overview, much as a map of the world helps us to comprehend certain fundamental geographical realities. To some extent, works like the Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft and the Istorija vsemirnoj literatury do just that, and of course they also contain a wealth of information and intelligent discussion. Yet, despite their often remarkable qualities, world histories of literature are typically profoundly problematic for a number of reasons. Two major problems have their roots in the very concept of literature. First, the concept is, in itself, an everyday notion. If employed without additional explications or stipulations, it is too imprecise and inconsistent to form the basis of a reasonable classification. Second, the concept of literature is a relatively recent Western invention. Its application to other times and cultures will easily lead to anachronistic and ethnocentric distortions. On the whole, world histories of literature are content to sweep such problems under the carpet. They typically prefer to rely on the everyday notion of literature and to include the resulting contradictions in the bargain. For instance, the concept of literature is traditionally used in such a manner that the criteria for a work to be classified as literature vary depending on the time and the culture one is speaking of. Modern literature is most often seen as consisting of just fictional prose, poetry, and drama. When there is talk of older periods, the concept of literature is however used very inclusively. [ix] For example, ancient Roman philosophy, history, and oratory are not excluded as being non-fiction; instead, such writers as Lucrece, Caesar, and Cicero are considered part of the European literary heritage. The same duality appears in the treatment of other literary cultures. Thus, for instance, the sacred Vedic texts (circa 1200 – circa 500 B. C.).